An ectopic pregnancy is one of those complications of pregnancy that can occur in the first trimester of a pregnancy and could either result in a miscarriage or in a medical emergency that will put the pregnant female at risk of death. An ectopic pregnancy occurs in one in a hundred women and in nearly all of those cases, an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube is the result.
The fallopian tube is a connecting tube from the ovaries to the uterus. During fertilization, sperm is transported through the cervix into the uterus and follows chemical signals to the ampulla of the fallopian tubes.
After the egg is fertilized, it is moved along the fallopian tube with the help of hair-like structures called cilia. When the egg reaches the fallopian tube, it will start to grow and secrete enzymes that allow it to burrow into the endometrium. This will then start the process of placenta formation and the cocoon called the amniotic sac, which is the residence of the baby from that point till delivery.
Things go wrong when the cilia are non-existent or are not efficient enough in pushing the egg to the uterus. This will cause the fetus to start developing in the fallopian tube. As the fetus starts to secrete enzymes into the fallopian tube tissue, bleeding is the first thing that happens. In at least half of the cases of ectopic pregnancies, the bleeding action itself will push the fetus out of the fallopian tubes and cause a miscarriage. The fetus is then destroyed and pushed out of the uterus.
In some odd cases, this does not happen and the bleeding continues until blood spills into the peritoneum. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate surgery. The fetal removal is a procedure called salpingostomy. If the fallopian tube is too badly damaged then that is also removed in a procedure called a salpingectomy.
There are some very freak cases where an ectopic pregnancy can occur outside the fallopian tube and sometimes in the ovaries, cervix, and vagina. There are even cases of an ectopic pregnancy occurring in the abdomen because the fetus has burrowed through the fallopian tube near the major artery that supplies blood to the stomach. In at least one case, this has caused an abdominal pregnancy to occur. In these cases, during delivery, the organ to which the placenta is attached to also has to be removed.